REACTIVE MORALITY AND PUBLIC DECENCY LAWS IN GCC COUNTRIES: HASHTAG JUSTICE

Abstract

This thesis examines the enforcement of public decency laws in Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Kuwait, highlighting the influential role of social media (particularly X) in shaping public outrage and legal responses to moral transgressions. Using case studies, the research introduces the concept of "reactive morality," suggesting that legal actions are often driven by viral online campaigns rather than systematic legal frameworks. The study reveals inconsistencies in how laws are enforced, with similar behaviors receiving varying scrutiny depending on their visibility and public backlash on social media. "Public decency" is thus amorphous, challenging the fairness and predictability of legal systems within the GCC. What may be deemed offensive can differ widely based on context and online outrage, undermining public trust and complicating individuals’ navigation of acceptable conduct. There is a tension between the vague language of public decency laws, intended to uphold cultural and Islamic values, and the need for clearer, impartial legal frameworks, which facilitates arbitrary enforcement, often based on public sentiment rather than objective standards, positioning social media as a powerful arbiter of moral regulation. Employing an interdisciplinary approach from legal studies, sociology, and media studies, the thesis discusses how authoritarian governance and religious conservatism, combined with digital connectivity, create spaces where moral and legal boundaries are contested. The findings underscore the implications for individual rights, contending that unclear legal guidelines and the dominance of public opinion jeopardize equitable legal treatment. In response, this thesis advocates for reforms such as adopting more precise legal standards to reduce ambiguity and ensure consistent enforcement of public decency laws. It also calls for enhanced constitutional oversight to mitigate arbitrary enforcement driven by transient online trends. Ultimately, this research contributes to discussions on legal reform in the GCC, emphasizing the urgent need to align public decency frameworks with principles of fairness, accountability, and modernity amidst ongoing digital transformation.

Date of Award	2025
Original language	American English
Awarding Institution	HBKU College of Law