User Correction of Misinformation on Social Media: Exploring Communication Styles and the Influence of Empathy, Altruism, Self-esteem, and Competency

Muaadh Noman*, Firoj Alam, Raian Ali

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingConference contributionpeer-review

Abstract

This study investigates social media users’ intention to engage in user correction, that is, challenging others who post misinformation; whether this intention translates into actual behaviour; their choice of communication styles (direct or indirect) when doing so; and the influence of psychological and competency factors on that. It specifically examines the influence of the personal factors of altruism (viewing user correction as a pro-social act), empathy (as it involves correcting someone and protecting others), self-esteem (as it requires taking a stand), and social media use competency across two distinct cultural contexts: the United Kingdom (UK) and Arab Peninsula countries. Data were collected through an online survey, supported by vignettes, of 686 participants (367 British and 319 Arabs). The findings revealed a significant intention–behaviour gap in user correction across both samples. Participants in both cultural groups showed a stronger preference for indirect communication styles over direct ones. Multivariate Multiple Regression (MMR) analysis indicated that altruism and social media use competency consistently predicted both the intention to participate in and actual participation in user correction in both cultural groups. However, self-esteem significantly predicted actual participation only among UK participants, while empathy showed no significant association in either sample. Further MMR analysis revealed cultural differences in the predictors of communication style choice. In the UK, both altruism and self-esteem predicted preferences for both direct and indirect styles. In the Arab sample, social media use competency predicted a preference for the direct style, while both altruism and social media use competency predicted a preference for the indirect style. These findings highlight the critical role of cultural and psychosocial nuances in designing socio-technical interventions to promote user correction and combat the spread of misinformation.

Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationPervasive Digital Services for People’s Well-Being, Inclusion and Sustainable Development - 24th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2025, Proceedings
EditorsAchilleas Achilleos, Stefano Forti, George Angelos Papadopoulos, Ilias Pappas
PublisherSpringer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Pages409-422
Number of pages14
ISBN (Print)9783032061638
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2026
Event24th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2025 - Limassol, Cyprus
Duration: 9 Sept 202511 Sept 2025

Publication series

NameLecture Notes in Computer Science
Volume16079 LNCS
ISSN (Print)0302-9743
ISSN (Electronic)1611-3349

Conference

Conference24th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2025
Country/TerritoryCyprus
CityLimassol
Period9/09/2511/09/25

Keywords

  • Communication Styles
  • Misinformation
  • Psychosocial Factors
  • Social Correction
  • Social Media
  • User Correction

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