Triangular bright solitons in nonlinear optics and Bose-Einstein condensates

We demonstrate what we believe to be novel triangular bright solitons that can be supported by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous Kerr-like nonlinearity and external harmonic potential, which can be realized in nonlinear optics and Bose-Einstein condensates. The profiles of these solitons are quite different from the common Gaussian or sech envelope beams, as their tops and bottoms are similar to the triangle and inverted triangle functions, respectively. The self-defocusing nonlinearity gives rise to the triangle-up solitons, while the self-focusing nonlinearity supports the triangle-down solitons. Here, we restrict our attention only to the lowest-order fundamental triangular solitons. All such solitons are stable, which is demonstrated by the linear stability analysis and also clarified by direct numerical simulations. In addition, the modulated propagation of both types of triangular solitons, with the modulated parameter being the strength of nonlinearity, is also presented. We find that such propagation is strongly affected by the form of the modulation of the nonlinearity. For example, the sudden change of the modulated parameter causes instabilities in the solitons, whereas the gradual variation generates stable solitons. Also, a periodic variation of the parameter causes the regular oscillation of solitons, with the same period. Interestingly, the triangle-up and triangle-down solitons can change into each other, when the parameter changes the sign.