Transforming Agricultural Food Waste Into Bioplastics: Methods, Potential, and Technological Advances

The improper disposal of agricultural food waste (AFW) and its associated plastic packaging significantly exacerbates environmental degradation, including pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and loss of valuable resources, while imposing substantial economic burdens. These pressing challenges have spurred advancements in bioplastics as sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. Here, the potential of AFW, rich in biopolymers such as starch and cellulose, as a renewable feedstock is examined for bioplastics such as polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates. It explores the characteristics of these bioplastics, focusing on production techniques such as extraction-based processes, microbial fermentation, fermentation combined with polymerization, and synthesis from volatile fatty acids. Additionally, the role of AFW pretreatment methods, including physical, chemical, biological, and enzymatic approaches, in enhancing conversion efficiency is analyzed. Here, it is highlighted that recent advancements in bioplastic production have improved efficiency, biodegradability, and scalability, offering a viable substitute for traditional plastics. These findings demonstrate that valorizing AFW not only addresses plastic and food waste challenges but also promotes sustainability and circular economy principles, paving the way for greener industries and reduced ecological impact.