Thermodynamic Analysis of a Renewable Energy-Driven Electric Vehicle Charging Station with On-Site Electricity Generation from Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuel Cells

The vast implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) greatly depends on developing sustainable and green EV charging stations. This study proposes to develop and assess an off-grid and renewable energy-driven EV charging station, which is hybridized with hydrogen and ammonia fuel cells. Chemical energies of hydro-gen and ammonia are stored in the storage tanks to be used in the hydrogen and ammonia fuel cells. The designed hybrid system is capable of storing energy in the chemical form when there is excess production. Ammonia is stored in liquid form rather than gaseous form, which reduces the storage tank capacity consider-ably and decreases the losses. The designed system, which includes a wind tur-bine, concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and fuel cells, can produce about 1.1 MW of power and 15.46 MWh of electricity in a single day, corresponding to about294 number of EVs. In addition, the hybrid system can charge up to 644 EVs if the ammonia feed rate is increased to 0.1 kg/s. The fuel cells are capable of generating about 80% of the charging station. The effects of important key parameters such as wind speed, solar irradiance and fuel supply rates are investigated to observe the impacts on the overall system.