Temperature dependent dynamic hysteresis scaling, thermal energy storage, and pyroelectric studies of CeO₂ altered Ba_0.85Ca_0.15Zr_0.1Ti_0.9O₃ ceramic

In this work, CeO2 added Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 ceramic [BCZT + xwt% CeO2] was synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method. Structural study reveals a pure perovskite structure in all the compositions. The temperature-dependent dielectric analysis indicates an rise in dielectric constant and phase transition temperature till x = 0.02 and falls thereafter at higher doping values. The temperature-dependent ferroelectric hysteresis behaviour was examined, and it was established that the remnant polarization and coercive-field reduce with temperature. The scaling relations of ferroelectric hysteresis concerning remnant-polarization (P-r), coercive-field (E-C), and hysteresis area in relation to temperature (T) are thoroughly examined. The temperature dependent exponent of the hysteresis parameters are obtained from the standard power law. The correlation between back-switching polarization (P-bc) and temperature was analysed by calculating the activation energy associated with studied materials in accordance with Arrhenius' law. The composition's energy storage characteristics, including storage density, loss density, and efficiency, were calculated using conventional formulae. The investigation into the temperature reliance of energy storage performance has revealed a maximum energy storage efficiency of around 80 % at 100 degrees C for the composition x = 0.02. The performance of pyroelectric energy storage was evaluated by the Olsen cycle. Additionally, the key figures of merit for materials, including voltage responsivity (F-v), current responsivity (F-i), energy harvesting (F-e), new energy harvesting (F-e & lowast;), and detectivity (F-d), were computed.