Synthesis of Oxygen and Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles using Zirconium Dioxide/Mixed Oxide Nanoparticles as Reusable Green Catalysts: A Comprehensive Update

The remarkable improvements in organic synthesis facilitated by zirconium diox-ide-based nanoparticles are updated and summarized in this review. The ZrO₂ acts as a versatile heterogeneous nanocatalyst and is used in various elementary organic reactions and manmulticomponent reactions. The employment of these catalysts in organic synthesis leading tbio-active scaffolds provides the opportunity to carry out the reactions using facile synthetprotocol under mild environments that furnish the equivalent products in high yields anshorter reaction times. According to reports in the literature, ZrO₂-based catalysts were re-moved from the reaction mixture and recycled many times.