Sustainable aviation fuel as a catalyst for decarbonizing Gulf Aviation: Technology and policy insights based on biomass feedstocks

This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) readiness in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, examining the interplay between regional feedstock potential, technology pathways, and policy frameworks. Utilizing a hybrid narrative-quantitative approach, we identify municipal solid waste (MSW), halophytes, and algae as the most viable feedstocks, based on availability, conversion potential, and regional adaptability. We analyze ASTM-approved SAF pathways and provide techno-economic data, with Gasification Fischer–Tropsch (FT) and Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) emerging as the most promising for GCC conditions. A phased strategy is proposed: short-term (pilot projects), medium-term (infrastructure scaling and SAF blending targets), and long-term (regional hubs and export potential). A policy scorecard offers actionable guidance for GCC nations, underlining the importance of blending mandates, tax incentives, and international certification. Despite uncertainties around costs and technology scalability, targeted investments and collaboration can support the GCC in establishing a competitive SAF industry. The study provides practical policy pathways that align SAF with broader energy transition and decarbonization goals in the region.