Penetrance of Neurodevelopmental Copy Number Variants Is Associated With Variations in Cortical Morphology

Background: Copy number variants (CNVs) may increase the risk for neurodevelopmental conditions. The neurobiological mechanisms that link these high-risk genetic variants to clinical phenotypes are largely unknown. An important question is whether brain abnormalities in individuals who carry CNVs are associated with their degree of penetrance. Methods: We investigated whether increased CNV penetrance for schizophrenia and other developmental disorders was associated with variations in cortical and subcortical morphology. We pooled T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging and genetic data from 22 cohorts from the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis)-CNV consortium. In the main analyses, we included 9268 individuals (aged 7–90 years, 54% female), from which we identified 398 carriers of 36 neurodevelopmental CNVs at 20 distinct loci. A secondary analysis was performed including additional neuroimaging data from the ENIGMA-22q consortium, including 274 carriers of the 22q11.2 deletion and 291 noncarriers. CNV penetrance was estimated through penetrance scores that were previously generated from large cohorts of patients and controls. These scores represent the probability risk of developing either schizophrenia or other developmental disorders (including developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, and congenital malformations). Results: For both schizophrenia and developmental disorders, increased penetrance scores were associated with lower surface area in the cerebral cortex and lower intracranial volume. For both conditions, associations between CNV-penetrance scores and cortical surface area were strongest in regions of the occipital lobes, specifically in the cuneus and lingual gyrus. Conclusions: Our findings link global and regional cortical morphometric features with CNV penetrance, providing new insights into neurobiological mechanisms of genetic risk for schizophrenia and other developmental disorders.