Myo-inositol alters the effects of glucose, leptin and insulin on placental palmitic acid and oleic acid metabolism

Abstract: Well-regulated placental palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) metabolism is vital for optimal placental function and fetal development, but dysregulation occurs with gestational diabetes (GDM). We hypothesized that such dysregulation might arise from increased maternofetal glucose, leptin or insulin concentrations present in GDM, and that dysregulated PA and OA lipid metabolism could be moderated by myo-inositol, a natural polyol and potential GDM intervention. Placental explants from 21 women were incubated with stable isotope-labelled ¹³C-PA or ¹³C-OA for 48 h. Explants were treated with glucose (5, 10 mm) or leptin (13 nm) or insulin (150 nm) in combination with myo-inositol (0.3, 30, 60 μm). Forty-seven ¹³C-PA lipids and 37 ¹³C-OA lipids were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS). Compared with controls (5 mm glucose), glucose (10 mm) increased 19 ¹³C-OA lipids and nine ¹³C-PA lipids, but decreased ¹³C-OA phosphatidylethanolamine 38:5 and ¹³C-PA phosphatidylethanolamine 36:4. The effects of leptin and insulin were less prominent than glucose, with leptin increasing ¹³C-OA acylcarnitine 18:1, and insulin increasing four ¹³C-PA triacylglycerides. Most glucose, leptin and insulin-induced alterations in lipids were attenuated by co-incubation with myo-inositol (30 or 60 μm), with attenuation also occurring in all subgroups stratified by GDM status and fetal sex. However, glucose-induced increases in acylcarnitine were not attenuated by myo-inositol and were even exaggerated in some instances. Myo-inositol therefore appears to generally act as a moderator, suppressing the perturbation of lipid metabolic processes by glucose, leptin and insulin in placenta in vitro. Whether myo-inositol protects the fetus and pregnancy from unfavourable outcomes requires further research. (Figure presented.). Key points: Incubation of placental explants with additional glucose, or to a lesser extent insulin or leptin, alters the placental production of ¹³C-lipids from ¹³C-palmitic acid (PA) and ¹³C-oleic acid (OA) in vitro compared with untreated controls from the same placenta. Co-incubation with myo-inositol attenuated most alterations induced by glucose, insulin or leptin in ¹³C-lipids, but did not affect alterations in ¹³C-acylcarnitines. Alterations induced by glucose and leptin in ¹³C-PA triacylglycerides and ¹³C-PA phospholipids were influenced by fetal sex and gestational diabetes status, but were all still attenuated by myo-inositol co-incubation. Insulin differently affected ¹³C-PA triacylglycerides and ¹³C-PA phospholipids depending on fetal sex, with alterations also attenuated by myo-inositol co-incubation.