Mitigating Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Water Sources: A Review of Removal Strategies

Water scarcity is a serious issue faced by many countries worldwide. Treated sewage effluent (TSE) has emerged as a potential solution to address water scarcity by providing a source of water in various regions. However, the reuse of TSE may present risks to both the environment and human health if not adequately treated, as it can contain microorganic pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). This review examines various strategies aimed at mitigating the presence of PPCPs in water sources, including surface water bodies, wastewater, and treated sewage effluent. Among the different treatment processes, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been identified as highly effective methods for the removal of a broad spectrum of PPCPs and EDCs. This review involves a range of conventional and advanced removal techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, highlighting their effectiveness in reducing PPCP concentrations. Additionally, emerging technologies and innovative approaches for PPCP removal are discussed. By providing a comprehensive overview of removal strategies, this review aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and water resource managers about effective measures to maintain water quality and protect public health.