TY - JOUR
T1 - Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Sensor
T2 - A Concept of Physical Versus Virtual Sensing
AU - Alsarraj, Ahmed
AU - Ur Rehman, Atiq
AU - Belhaouari, Samir Brahim
AU - Saoud, Khaled M.
AU - Bermak, Amine
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 1963-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2021/10/26
Y1 - 2021/10/26
N2 - Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) presents many hazardous traits such as corrosive, explosive, toxic, and flammable. It is slightly denser than air, and a mixture of H2S and air can be volatile. Therefore, a reliable and robust measurement system is required to effectively detect and quantify H2S in many applications, such as oil and gas industries. There are several methods available in the literature to quantify H2S in fuel gases; however, only a few are available in case of air samples. Furthermore, array-based sensors are more reliable in the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); however, sensor arrays are more expensive and challenging to produce. To overcome the limitations of producing physical sensor arrays, this article proposes a concept of virtual sensing that enables to augment a single sensing platform into a virtual array, thus, increasing the detection accuracy at no extra cost of producing a large physical sensors array. The merits of the proposed system are as follows: 1) a virtual sensing concept is combined with a physical sensing platform to enhance the proposed model's estimation power in quantifying H2S in air samples; 2) a new feature extraction method based on fractional derivatives is proposed to further enhance the model's learning capabilities; 3) an array of four gas sensors is fabricated in the in-house foundry to record and analyze the signature of H2S at various concentration levels; 4) a shallow neural network (NN) model is trained and tested on the recorded data, and based on the NN's input-output relation, a mathematical model is presented for the quantification of H2S; and 5) the proposed model is a highly sensitive and reliable H2S gas sensing scheme with the ability to detect the gas instantaneously. The proposed gas quantification model has the advantages of being low cost, easy to implement, and fast operation compared with the analytical solutions. Furthermore, it is extensively tested and validated using real gas data.
AB - Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) presents many hazardous traits such as corrosive, explosive, toxic, and flammable. It is slightly denser than air, and a mixture of H2S and air can be volatile. Therefore, a reliable and robust measurement system is required to effectively detect and quantify H2S in many applications, such as oil and gas industries. There are several methods available in the literature to quantify H2S in fuel gases; however, only a few are available in case of air samples. Furthermore, array-based sensors are more reliable in the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); however, sensor arrays are more expensive and challenging to produce. To overcome the limitations of producing physical sensor arrays, this article proposes a concept of virtual sensing that enables to augment a single sensing platform into a virtual array, thus, increasing the detection accuracy at no extra cost of producing a large physical sensors array. The merits of the proposed system are as follows: 1) a virtual sensing concept is combined with a physical sensing platform to enhance the proposed model's estimation power in quantifying H2S in air samples; 2) a new feature extraction method based on fractional derivatives is proposed to further enhance the model's learning capabilities; 3) an array of four gas sensors is fabricated in the in-house foundry to record and analyze the signature of H2S at various concentration levels; 4) a shallow neural network (NN) model is trained and tested on the recorded data, and based on the NN's input-output relation, a mathematical model is presented for the quantification of H2S; and 5) the proposed model is a highly sensitive and reliable H2S gas sensing scheme with the ability to detect the gas instantaneously. The proposed gas quantification model has the advantages of being low cost, easy to implement, and fast operation compared with the analytical solutions. Furthermore, it is extensively tested and validated using real gas data.
KW - Electronic nose
KW - gas estimation
KW - mathematical modeling
KW - neural networks (NNs)
KW - sensors
KW - virtual sensing
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85118530216
U2 - 10.1109/TIM.2021.3120150
DO - 10.1109/TIM.2021.3120150
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85118530216
SN - 0018-9456
VL - 70
JO - IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
JF - IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
ER -