Harnessing local biomass resources in Qatar: a systematic review of building a scalable circular economy for arid and resource-scarce regions

Conventional resource production is constrained in resource-scarce regions such as Qatar, leading to a heavy reliance on imports. Harnessing local biomass within a circular bioeconomy offers pathways to strengthen sustainability, the Energy-Water-Food (EWF) nexus, and economic diversification. This study uses Qatar as a case to systematically assess biomass valorisation by reviewing biochemical and thermochemical conversion research (Scopus, 2015–2025) on local resources. Predominant waste streams identified include CO₂/flue gas, produced water, municipal wastewater/sludge, and food waste. Local research was analysed using a multi-criteria framework considering socio-cultural acceptance, technical maturity, and economic viability. Based on this analysis, a conceptual circular bioeconomy framework linking major waste-generating sectors (oil & gas, municipal) with feasible technologies and markets was developed. Biochemical pathways, such as phototrophic processes (microalgae, purple non-sulphur bacteria) for wastewater treatment and CO₂ capture, and food waste composting, were found to be most promising, while thermochemical routes, such as pyrolysis and gasification of residues, showed high potential. Potential outputs include biofertilizers, animal feed, biochar, pigments, hydrogen, and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Policy recommendations include establishing a national strategy, improving waste management, incentivising innovation, building capacity, and raising awareness. The framework provides a replicable model for resource-scarce societies seeking tailored circular bioeconomy strategies.