GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment

Cornelius A. Rietveld; Sarah E. Medland; Jaime Derringer; Jian Yang; Tõnu Esko; Nicolas W. Martin; Harm Jan Westra; Konstantin Shakhbazov; Abdel Abdellaoui; Arpana Agrawal; Eva Albrecht; Behrooz Z. Alizadeh; Najaf Amin; John Barnard; Sebastian E. Baumeister; Kelly S. Benke; Lawrence F. Bielak; Jeffrey A. Boatman; Patricia A. Boyle; Gail Davies; Christiaan De Leeuw; Niina Eklund; Daniel S. Evans; Rudolf Ferhmann; Krista Fischer; Christian Gieger; Håkon K. Gjessing; Sara Hägg; Jennifer R. Harris; Caroline Hayward; Christina Holzapfel; Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas; Erik Ingelsson; Bo Jacobsson; Peter K. Joshi; Astanand Jugessur; Marika Kaakinen; Stavroula Kanoni; Juha Karjalainen; Ivana Kolcic; Kati Kristiansson; Zoltán Kutalik; Jari Lahti; Sang H. Lee; Peng Lin; Penelope A. Lind; Yongmei Liu; Kurt Lohman; Marisa Loitfelder; George McMahon; Pedro Marques Vidal; Osorio Meirelles; Lili Milani; Ronny Myhre; Marja Liisa Nuotio; Christopher J. Oldmeadow; Katja E. Petrovic; Wouter J. Peyrot; Ozren Polašek; Lydia Quaye; Eva Reinmaa; John P. Rice; Thais S. Rizzi; Helena Schmidt; Reinhold Schmidt; Albert V. Smith; Jennifer A. Smith; Toshiko Tanaka; Antonio Terracciano; Matthijs J.H.M. Van Der Loos; Veronique Vitart; Henry Völzke; Jürgen Wellmann; Lei Yu; Wei Zhao; Jüri Allik; John R. Attia; Stefania Bandinelli; François Bastardot; Jonathan Beauchamp; David A. Bennett; Klaus Berger; Laura J. Bierut; Dorret I. Boomsma; Ute Bültmann; Harry Campbell; Christopher F. Chabris; Lynn Cherkas; Mina K. Chung; Francesco Cucca; Mariza De Andrade; Philip L. De Jager; Jan Emmanuel De Neve; Ian J. Deary; George V. Dedoussis; Panos Deloukas; Maria Dimitriou; Guoný Eiríksdóttir; Martin F. Elderson; Johan G. Eriksson; David M. Evans; Jessica D. Faul; Luigi Ferrucci; Melissa E. Garcia; Henrik Grönberg; Vilmundur Guonason; Per Hall; Juliette M. Harris; Tamara B. Harris; Nicholas D. Hastie; Andrew C. Heath; Dena G. Hernandez; Wolfgang Hoffmann; Adriaan Hofman; Rolf Holle; Elizabeth G. Holliday; Jouke Jan Hottenga; William G. Iacono; Thomas Illig; Marjo Riitta Järvelin; Mika Kähönen; Jaakko Kaprio; Robert M. Kirkpatrick; Matthew Kowgier; Antti Latvala; Lenore J. Launer; Debbie A. Lawlor; Terho Lehtimäki; Jingmei Li; Paul Lichtenstein; Peter Lichtner; David C. Liewald; Pamela A. Madden; Patrik K.E. Magnusson; Tomi E. Mäkinen; Marco Masala; Matt McGue; Andres Metspalu; Andreas Mielck; Michael B. Miller; Grant W. Montgomery; Sutapa Mukherjee; Dale R. Nyholt; Ben A. Oostra; Lyle J. Palmer; Aarno Palotie; Brenda W.J.H. Penninx; Markus Perola; Patricia A. Peyser; Martin Preisig; Katri Räikkönen; Olli T. Raitakari; Anu Realo; Susan M. Ring; Samuli Ripatti; Fernando Rivadeneira; Igor Rudan; Aldo Rustichini; Veikko Salomaa; Antti Pekka Sarin; David Schlessinger; Rodney J. Scott; Harold Snieder; Beate St Pourcain; John M. Starr; Jae Hoon Sul; Ida Surakka; Rauli Svento; Alexander Teumer; Henning Tiemeier; Frank J.A. Van Rooij; David R. Van Wagoner; Erkki Vartiainen; Jorma Viikari; Peter Vollenweider; Judith M. Vonk; Gérard Waeber; David R. Weir; H. Erich Wichmann; Elisabeth Widen; Gonneke Willemsen; James F. Wilson; Alan F. Wright; Dalton Conley; George Davey-Smith; Lude Franke; Patrick J.F. Groenen; Albert Hofman; Magnus Johannesson; Sharon L.R. Kardia; Robert F. Krueger; David Laibson; Nicholas G. Martin; Michelle N. Meyer; Danielle Posthuma; A. Roy Thurik; Nicholas J. Timpson; André G. Uitterlinden; Cornelia M. Van Duijn; Peter M. Visscher; Daniel J. Benjamin; David Cesarini; Philipp D. Koellinger

doi:10.1126/science.1235488

GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment

Cornelius A. Rietveld
, Sarah E. Medland
, Jaime Derringer
, Jian Yang
, Tõnu Esko
, Nicolas W. Martin
, Harm Jan Westra
, Konstantin Shakhbazov
, Abdel Abdellaoui
, Arpana Agrawal
, Eva Albrecht
, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
, Najaf Amin
, John Barnard
, Sebastian E. Baumeister
, Kelly S. Benke
, Lawrence F. Bielak
, Jeffrey A. Boatman
, Patricia A. Boyle
, Gail Davies

Christiaan De Leeuw, Niina Eklund, Daniel S. Evans, Rudolf Ferhmann, Krista Fischer, Christian Gieger, Håkon K. Gjessing, Sara Hägg, Jennifer R. Harris, Caroline Hayward, Christina Holzapfel, Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas, Erik Ingelsson, Bo Jacobsson, Peter K. Joshi, Astanand Jugessur, Marika Kaakinen, Stavroula Kanoni, Juha Karjalainen, Ivana Kolcic, Kati Kristiansson, Zoltán Kutalik, Jari Lahti, Sang H. Lee, Peng Lin, Penelope A. Lind, Yongmei Liu, Kurt Lohman, Marisa Loitfelder, George McMahon, Pedro Marques Vidal, Osorio Meirelles, Lili Milani, Ronny Myhre, Marja Liisa Nuotio, Christopher J. Oldmeadow, Katja E. Petrovic, Wouter J. Peyrot, Ozren Polašek, Lydia Quaye, Eva Reinmaa, John P. Rice, Thais S. Rizzi, Helena Schmidt, Reinhold Schmidt, Albert V. Smith, Jennifer A. Smith, Toshiko Tanaka, Antonio Terracciano, Matthijs J.H.M. Van Der Loos, Veronique Vitart, Henry Völzke, Jürgen Wellmann, Lei Yu, Wei Zhao, Jüri Allik, John R. Attia, Stefania Bandinelli, François Bastardot, Jonathan Beauchamp, David A. Bennett, Klaus Berger, Laura J. Bierut, Dorret I. Boomsma, Ute Bültmann, Harry Campbell, Christopher F. Chabris, Lynn Cherkas, Mina K. Chung, Francesco Cucca, Mariza De Andrade, Philip L. De Jager, Jan Emmanuel De Neve, Ian J. Deary, George V. Dedoussis, Panos Deloukas, Maria Dimitriou, Guoný Eiríksdóttir, Martin F. Elderson, Johan G. Eriksson, David M. Evans, Jessica D. Faul, Luigi Ferrucci, Melissa E. Garcia, Henrik Grönberg, Vilmundur Guonason, Per Hall, Juliette M. Harris, Tamara B. Harris, Nicholas D. Hastie, Andrew C. Heath, Dena G. Hernandez, Wolfgang Hoffmann, Adriaan Hofman, Rolf Holle, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Jouke Jan Hottenga, William G. Iacono, Thomas Illig, Marjo Riitta Järvelin, Mika Kähönen, Jaakko Kaprio, Robert M. Kirkpatrick, Matthew Kowgier, Antti Latvala, Lenore J. Launer, Debbie A. Lawlor, Terho Lehtimäki, Jingmei Li, Paul Lichtenstein, Peter Lichtner, David C. Liewald, Pamela A. Madden, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Tomi E. Mäkinen, Marco Masala, Matt McGue, Andres Metspalu, Andreas Mielck, Michael B. Miller, Grant W. Montgomery, Sutapa Mukherjee, Dale R. Nyholt, Ben A. Oostra, Lyle J. Palmer, Aarno Palotie, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Markus Perola, Patricia A. Peyser, Martin Preisig, Katri Räikkönen, Olli T. Raitakari, Anu Realo, Susan M. Ring, Samuli Ripatti, Fernando Rivadeneira, Igor Rudan, Aldo Rustichini, Veikko Salomaa, Antti Pekka Sarin, David Schlessinger, Rodney J. Scott, Harold Snieder, Beate St Pourcain, John M. Starr, Jae Hoon Sul, Ida Surakka, Rauli Svento, Alexander Teumer, Henning Tiemeier, Frank J.A. Van Rooij, David R. Van Wagoner, Erkki Vartiainen, Jorma Viikari, Peter Vollenweider, Judith M. Vonk, Gérard Waeber, David R. Weir, H. Erich Wichmann, Elisabeth Widen, Gonneke Willemsen, James F. Wilson, Alan F. Wright, Dalton Conley, George Davey-Smith, Lude Franke, Patrick J.F. Groenen, Albert Hofman, Magnus Johannesson, Sharon L.R. Kardia, Robert F. Krueger, David Laibson, Nicholas G. Martin, Michelle N. Meyer, Danielle Posthuma, A. Roy Thurik, Nicholas J. Timpson, André G. Uitterlinden, Cornelia M. Van Duijn, Peter M. Visscher^*, Daniel J. Benjamin, David Cesarini, Philipp D. Koellinger

^*Corresponding author for this work

Erasmus University Rotterdam
Queensland Institute of Medical Research
University of Colorado Boulder
University of Queensland
University of Tartu
University of Groningen
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Washington University St. Louis
Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
University of Greifswald
University of Toronto
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Rush University
University of Edinburgh
University of Helsinki
National Institute for Health and Welfare
California Pacific Medical Center
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Uppsala University
Karolinska Institutet
Technical University of Munich
University of Gothenburg
University of Oulu
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
University of Split
University of Lausanne
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Wake Forest University
Medical University of Graz
University of Bristol
National Institutes of Health
University of Newcastle
VU University Medical Center
King's College London
Icelandic Heart Association
University of Iceland
Florida State University
University of Münster
University of Tartu
Azienda Sanitaria Firenze
Harvard University
Union College
National Research Council of Italy
University of Sassari
Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
University College London
The London School of Economics and Political Science
Harokopio University
Helsinki University Hospital
Folkhalsan
Vaasa Hospital District
Hannover Medical School
Imperial College London
Tampere University
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research
Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
University of Turku
University of California at Los Angeles
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
New YorkUniversity
Stockholm School of Economics
SUNY Albany
Panteia
Montpellier Business School
Leiden University
Cornell University
New York University
New York University Abu Dhabi
Research Institute for Industrial Economics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

632 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R²≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1467-1471
Number of pages	5
Journal	Science
Volume	340
Issue number	6139
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235488
Publication status	Published - 2013
Externally published	Yes

Access to Document

10.1126/science.1235488

Cite this

Rietveld, C. A., Medland, S. E., Derringer, J., Yang, J., Esko, T., Martin, N. W., Westra, H. J., Shakhbazov, K., Abdellaoui, A., Agrawal, A., Albrecht, E., Alizadeh, B. Z., Amin, N., Barnard, J., Baumeister, S. E., Benke, K. S., Bielak, L. F., Boatman, J. A., Boyle, P. A., ... Koellinger, P. D. (2013). GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment. Science, 340(6139), 1467-1471. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235488

@article{4e69cc7917ad42269084caee4b0a058b,

title = "GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment",

abstract = "A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R2≈ 0.02\%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2\% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.",

author = "Rietveld, \{Cornelius A.\} and Medland, \{Sarah E.\} and Jaime Derringer and Jian Yang and T{\~o}nu Esko and Martin, \{Nicolas W.\} and Westra, \{Harm Jan\} and Konstantin Shakhbazov and Abdel Abdellaoui and Arpana Agrawal and Eva Albrecht and Alizadeh, \{Behrooz Z.\} and Najaf Amin and John Barnard and Baumeister, \{Sebastian E.\} and Benke, \{Kelly S.\} and Bielak, \{Lawrence F.\} and Boatman, \{Jeffrey A.\} and Boyle, \{Patricia A.\} and Gail Davies and \{De Leeuw\}, Christiaan and Niina Eklund and Evans, \{Daniel S.\} and Rudolf Ferhmann and Krista Fischer and Christian Gieger and Gjessing, \{H{\aa}kon K.\} and Sara H{\"a}gg and Harris, \{Jennifer R.\} and Caroline Hayward and Christina Holzapfel and Ibrahim-Verbaas, \{Carla A.\} and Erik Ingelsson and Bo Jacobsson and Joshi, \{Peter K.\} and Astanand Jugessur and Marika Kaakinen and Stavroula Kanoni and Juha Karjalainen and Ivana Kolcic and Kati Kristiansson and Zolt{\'a}n Kutalik and Jari Lahti and Lee, \{Sang H.\} and Peng Lin and Lind, \{Penelope A.\} and Yongmei Liu and Kurt Lohman and Marisa Loitfelder and George McMahon and Vidal, \{Pedro Marques\} and Osorio Meirelles and Lili Milani and Ronny Myhre and Nuotio, \{Marja Liisa\} and Oldmeadow, \{Christopher J.\} and Petrovic, \{Katja E.\} and Peyrot, \{Wouter J.\} and Ozren Pola{\v s}ek and Lydia Quaye and Eva Reinmaa and Rice, \{John P.\} and Rizzi, \{Thais S.\} and Helena Schmidt and Reinhold Schmidt and Smith, \{Albert V.\} and Smith, \{Jennifer A.\} and Toshiko Tanaka and Antonio Terracciano and \{Van Der Loos\}, \{Matthijs J.H.M.\} and Veronique Vitart and Henry V{\"o}lzke and J{\"u}rgen Wellmann and Lei Yu and Wei Zhao and J{\"u}ri Allik and Attia, \{John R.\} and Stefania Bandinelli and Fran{\c c}ois Bastardot and Jonathan Beauchamp and Bennett, \{David A.\} and Klaus Berger and Bierut, \{Laura J.\} and Boomsma, \{Dorret I.\} and Ute B{\"u}ltmann and Harry Campbell and Chabris, \{Christopher F.\} and Lynn Cherkas and Chung, \{Mina K.\} and Francesco Cucca and \{De Andrade\}, Mariza and \{De Jager\}, \{Philip L.\} and \{De Neve\}, \{Jan Emmanuel\} and Deary, \{Ian J.\} and Dedoussis, \{George V.\} and Panos Deloukas and Maria Dimitriou and Guon{\'y} Eir{\'i}ksd{\'o}ttir and Elderson, \{Martin F.\} and Eriksson, \{Johan G.\} and Evans, \{David M.\} and Faul, \{Jessica D.\} and Luigi Ferrucci and Garcia, \{Melissa E.\} and Henrik Gr{\"o}nberg and Vilmundur Guonason and Per Hall and Harris, \{Juliette M.\} and Harris, \{Tamara B.\} and Hastie, \{Nicholas D.\} and Heath, \{Andrew C.\} and Hernandez, \{Dena G.\} and Wolfgang Hoffmann and Adriaan Hofman and Rolf Holle and Holliday, \{Elizabeth G.\} and Hottenga, \{Jouke Jan\} and Iacono, \{William G.\} and Thomas Illig and J{\"a}rvelin, \{Marjo Riitta\} and Mika K{\"a}h{\"o}nen and Jaakko Kaprio and Kirkpatrick, \{Robert M.\} and Matthew Kowgier and Antti Latvala and Launer, \{Lenore J.\} and Lawlor, \{Debbie A.\} and Terho Lehtim{\"a}ki and Jingmei Li and Paul Lichtenstein and Peter Lichtner and Liewald, \{David C.\} and Madden, \{Pamela A.\} and Magnusson, \{Patrik K.E.\} and M{\"a}kinen, \{Tomi E.\} and Marco Masala and Matt McGue and Andres Metspalu and Andreas Mielck and Miller, \{Michael B.\} and Montgomery, \{Grant W.\} and Sutapa Mukherjee and Nyholt, \{Dale R.\} and Oostra, \{Ben A.\} and Palmer, \{Lyle J.\} and Aarno Palotie and Penninx, \{Brenda W.J.H.\} and Markus Perola and Peyser, \{Patricia A.\} and Martin Preisig and Katri R{\"a}ikk{\"o}nen and Raitakari, \{Olli T.\} and Anu Realo and Ring, \{Susan M.\} and Samuli Ripatti and Fernando Rivadeneira and Igor Rudan and Aldo Rustichini and Veikko Salomaa and Sarin, \{Antti Pekka\} and David Schlessinger and Scott, \{Rodney J.\} and Harold Snieder and \{St Pourcain\}, Beate and Starr, \{John M.\} and Sul, \{Jae Hoon\} and Ida Surakka and Rauli Svento and Alexander Teumer and Henning Tiemeier and \{Van Rooij\}, \{Frank J.A.\} and \{Van Wagoner\}, \{David R.\} and Erkki Vartiainen and Jorma Viikari and Peter Vollenweider and Vonk, \{Judith M.\} and G{\'e}rard Waeber and Weir, \{David R.\} and Wichmann, \{H. Erich\} and Elisabeth Widen and Gonneke Willemsen and Wilson, \{James F.\} and Wright, \{Alan F.\} and Dalton Conley and George Davey-Smith and Lude Franke and Groenen, \{Patrick J.F.\} and Albert Hofman and Magnus Johannesson and Kardia, \{Sharon L.R.\} and Krueger, \{Robert F.\} and David Laibson and Martin, \{Nicholas G.\} and Meyer, \{Michelle N.\} and Danielle Posthuma and Thurik, \{A. Roy\} and Timpson, \{Nicholas J.\} and Uitterlinden, \{Andr{\'e} G.\} and \{Van Duijn\}, \{Cornelia M.\} and Visscher, \{Peter M.\} and Benjamin, \{Daniel J.\} and David Cesarini and Koellinger, \{Philipp D.\}",

year = "2013",

doi = "10.1126/science.1235488",

language = "English",

volume = "340",

pages = "1467--1471",

journal = "Science",

issn = "0036-8075",

publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",

number = "6139",

}

Rietveld, CA, Medland, SE, Derringer, J, Yang, J, Esko, T, Martin, NW, Westra, HJ, Shakhbazov, K, Abdellaoui, A, Agrawal, A, Albrecht, E, Alizadeh, BZ, Amin, N, Barnard, J, Baumeister, SE, Benke, KS, Bielak, LF, Boatman, JA, Boyle, PA, Davies, G, De Leeuw, C, Eklund, N, Evans, DS, Ferhmann, R, Fischer, K, Gieger, C, Gjessing, HK, Hägg, S, Harris, JR, Hayward, C, Holzapfel, C, Ibrahim-Verbaas, CA, Ingelsson, E, Jacobsson, B, Joshi, PK, Jugessur, A, Kaakinen, M, Kanoni, S, Karjalainen, J, Kolcic, I, Kristiansson, K, Kutalik, Z, Lahti, J, Lee, SH, Lin, P, Lind, PA, Liu, Y, Lohman, K, Loitfelder, M, McMahon, G, Vidal, PM, Meirelles, O, Milani, L, Myhre, R, Nuotio, ML, Oldmeadow, CJ, Petrovic, KE, Peyrot, WJ, Polašek, O, Quaye, L, Reinmaa, E, Rice, JP, Rizzi, TS, Schmidt, H, Schmidt, R, Smith, AV, Smith, JA, Tanaka, T, Terracciano, A, Van Der Loos, MJHM, Vitart, V, Völzke, H, Wellmann, J, Yu, L, Zhao, W, Allik, J, Attia, JR, Bandinelli, S, Bastardot, F, Beauchamp, J, Bennett, DA, Berger, K, Bierut, LJ, Boomsma, DI, Bültmann, U, Campbell, H, Chabris, CF, Cherkas, L, Chung, MK, Cucca, F, De Andrade, M, De Jager, PL, De Neve, JE, Deary, IJ, Dedoussis, GV, Deloukas, P, Dimitriou, M, Eiríksdóttir, G, Elderson, MF, Eriksson, JG, Evans, DM, Faul, JD, Ferrucci, L, Garcia, ME, Grönberg, H, Guonason, V, Hall, P, Harris, JM, Harris, TB, Hastie, ND, Heath, AC, Hernandez, DG, Hoffmann, W, Hofman, A, Holle, R, Holliday, EG, Hottenga, JJ, Iacono, WG, Illig, T, Järvelin, MR, Kähönen, M, Kaprio, J, Kirkpatrick, RM, Kowgier, M, Latvala, A, Launer, LJ, Lawlor, DA, Lehtimäki, T, Li, J, Lichtenstein, P, Lichtner, P, Liewald, DC, Madden, PA, Magnusson, PKE, Mäkinen, TE, Masala, M, McGue, M, Metspalu, A, Mielck, A, Miller, MB, Montgomery, GW, Mukherjee, S, Nyholt, DR, Oostra, BA, Palmer, LJ, Palotie, A, Penninx, BWJH, Perola, M, Peyser, PA, Preisig, M, Räikkönen, K, Raitakari, OT, Realo, A, Ring, SM, Ripatti, S, Rivadeneira, F, Rudan, I, Rustichini, A, Salomaa, V, Sarin, AP, Schlessinger, D, Scott, RJ, Snieder, H, St Pourcain, B, Starr, JM, Sul, JH, Surakka, I, Svento, R, Teumer, A, Tiemeier, H, Van Rooij, FJA, Van Wagoner, DR, Vartiainen, E, Viikari, J, Vollenweider, P, Vonk, JM, Waeber, G, Weir, DR, Wichmann, HE, Widen, E, Willemsen, G, Wilson, JF, Wright, AF, Conley, D, Davey-Smith, G, Franke, L, Groenen, PJF, Hofman, A, Johannesson, M, Kardia, SLR, Krueger, RF, Laibson, D, Martin, NG, Meyer, MN, Posthuma, D, Thurik, AR, Timpson, NJ, Uitterlinden, AG, Van Duijn, CM, Visscher, PM, Benjamin, DJ, Cesarini, D & Koellinger, PD 2013, 'GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment', Science, vol. 340, no. 6139, pp. 1467-1471. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235488

TY - JOUR

T1 - GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment

AU - Rietveld, Cornelius A.

AU - Medland, Sarah E.

AU - Derringer, Jaime

AU - Yang, Jian

AU - Esko, Tõnu

AU - Martin, Nicolas W.

AU - Westra, Harm Jan

AU - Shakhbazov, Konstantin

AU - Abdellaoui, Abdel

AU - Agrawal, Arpana

AU - Albrecht, Eva

AU - Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.

AU - Amin, Najaf

AU - Barnard, John

AU - Baumeister, Sebastian E.

AU - Benke, Kelly S.

AU - Bielak, Lawrence F.

AU - Boatman, Jeffrey A.

AU - Boyle, Patricia A.

AU - Davies, Gail

AU - De Leeuw, Christiaan

AU - Eklund, Niina

AU - Evans, Daniel S.

AU - Ferhmann, Rudolf

AU - Fischer, Krista

AU - Gieger, Christian

AU - Gjessing, Håkon K.

AU - Hägg, Sara

AU - Harris, Jennifer R.

AU - Hayward, Caroline

AU - Holzapfel, Christina

AU - Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A.

AU - Ingelsson, Erik

AU - Jacobsson, Bo

AU - Joshi, Peter K.

AU - Jugessur, Astanand

AU - Kaakinen, Marika

AU - Kanoni, Stavroula

AU - Karjalainen, Juha

AU - Kolcic, Ivana

AU - Kristiansson, Kati

AU - Kutalik, Zoltán

AU - Lahti, Jari

AU - Lee, Sang H.

AU - Lin, Peng

AU - Lind, Penelope A.

AU - Liu, Yongmei

AU - Lohman, Kurt

AU - Loitfelder, Marisa

AU - McMahon, George

AU - Vidal, Pedro Marques

AU - Meirelles, Osorio

AU - Milani, Lili

AU - Myhre, Ronny

AU - Nuotio, Marja Liisa

AU - Oldmeadow, Christopher J.

AU - Petrovic, Katja E.

AU - Peyrot, Wouter J.

AU - Polašek, Ozren

AU - Quaye, Lydia

AU - Reinmaa, Eva

AU - Rice, John P.

AU - Rizzi, Thais S.

AU - Schmidt, Helena

AU - Schmidt, Reinhold

AU - Smith, Albert V.

AU - Smith, Jennifer A.

AU - Tanaka, Toshiko

AU - Terracciano, Antonio

AU - Van Der Loos, Matthijs J.H.M.

AU - Vitart, Veronique

AU - Völzke, Henry

AU - Wellmann, Jürgen

AU - Yu, Lei

AU - Zhao, Wei

AU - Allik, Jüri

AU - Attia, John R.

AU - Bandinelli, Stefania

AU - Bastardot, François

AU - Beauchamp, Jonathan

AU - Bennett, David A.

AU - Berger, Klaus

AU - Bierut, Laura J.

AU - Boomsma, Dorret I.

AU - Bültmann, Ute

AU - Campbell, Harry

AU - Chabris, Christopher F.

AU - Cherkas, Lynn

AU - Chung, Mina K.

AU - Cucca, Francesco

AU - De Andrade, Mariza

AU - De Jager, Philip L.

AU - De Neve, Jan Emmanuel

AU - Deary, Ian J.

AU - Dedoussis, George V.

AU - Deloukas, Panos

AU - Dimitriou, Maria

AU - Eiríksdóttir, Guoný

AU - Elderson, Martin F.

AU - Eriksson, Johan G.

AU - Evans, David M.

AU - Faul, Jessica D.

AU - Ferrucci, Luigi

AU - Garcia, Melissa E.

AU - Grönberg, Henrik

AU - Guonason, Vilmundur

AU - Hall, Per

AU - Harris, Juliette M.

AU - Harris, Tamara B.

AU - Hastie, Nicholas D.

AU - Heath, Andrew C.

AU - Hernandez, Dena G.

AU - Hoffmann, Wolfgang

AU - Hofman, Adriaan

AU - Holle, Rolf

AU - Holliday, Elizabeth G.

AU - Hottenga, Jouke Jan

AU - Iacono, William G.

AU - Illig, Thomas

AU - Järvelin, Marjo Riitta

AU - Kähönen, Mika

AU - Kaprio, Jaakko

AU - Kirkpatrick, Robert M.

AU - Kowgier, Matthew

AU - Latvala, Antti

AU - Launer, Lenore J.

AU - Lawlor, Debbie A.

AU - Lehtimäki, Terho

AU - Li, Jingmei

AU - Lichtenstein, Paul

AU - Lichtner, Peter

AU - Liewald, David C.

AU - Madden, Pamela A.

AU - Magnusson, Patrik K.E.

AU - Mäkinen, Tomi E.

AU - Masala, Marco

AU - McGue, Matt

AU - Metspalu, Andres

AU - Mielck, Andreas

AU - Miller, Michael B.

AU - Montgomery, Grant W.

AU - Mukherjee, Sutapa

AU - Nyholt, Dale R.

AU - Oostra, Ben A.

AU - Palmer, Lyle J.

AU - Palotie, Aarno

AU - Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.

AU - Perola, Markus

AU - Peyser, Patricia A.

AU - Preisig, Martin

AU - Räikkönen, Katri

AU - Raitakari, Olli T.

AU - Realo, Anu

AU - Ring, Susan M.

AU - Ripatti, Samuli

AU - Rivadeneira, Fernando

AU - Rudan, Igor

AU - Rustichini, Aldo

AU - Salomaa, Veikko

AU - Sarin, Antti Pekka

AU - Schlessinger, David

AU - Scott, Rodney J.

AU - Snieder, Harold

AU - St Pourcain, Beate

AU - Starr, John M.

AU - Sul, Jae Hoon

AU - Surakka, Ida

AU - Svento, Rauli

AU - Teumer, Alexander

AU - Tiemeier, Henning

AU - Van Rooij, Frank J.A.

AU - Van Wagoner, David R.

AU - Vartiainen, Erkki

AU - Viikari, Jorma

AU - Vollenweider, Peter

AU - Vonk, Judith M.

AU - Waeber, Gérard

AU - Weir, David R.

AU - Wichmann, H. Erich

AU - Widen, Elisabeth

AU - Willemsen, Gonneke

AU - Wilson, James F.

AU - Wright, Alan F.

AU - Conley, Dalton

AU - Davey-Smith, George

AU - Franke, Lude

AU - Groenen, Patrick J.F.

AU - Hofman, Albert

AU - Johannesson, Magnus

AU - Kardia, Sharon L.R.

AU - Krueger, Robert F.

AU - Laibson, David

AU - Martin, Nicholas G.

AU - Meyer, Michelle N.

AU - Posthuma, Danielle

AU - Thurik, A. Roy

AU - Timpson, Nicholas J.

AU - Uitterlinden, André G.

AU - Van Duijn, Cornelia M.

AU - Visscher, Peter M.

AU - Benjamin, Daniel J.

AU - Cesarini, David

AU - Koellinger, Philipp D.

PY - 2013

Y1 - 2013

N2 - A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R2≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

AB - A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R2≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84879271608

U2 - 10.1126/science.1235488

DO - 10.1126/science.1235488

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:84879271608

SN - 0036-8075

VL - 340

SP - 1467

EP - 1471

JO - Science

JF - Science

IS - 6139

ER -

GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment

Abstract

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