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Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs

  • S. Hong Lee
  • , Stephan Ripke
  • , Benjamin M. Neale
  • , Stephen V. Faraone
  • , Shaun M. Purcell
  • , Roy H. Perlis
  • , Bryan J. Mowry
  • , Anita Thapar
  • , Michael E. Goddard
  • , John S. Witte
  • , Devin Absher
  • , Ingrid Agartz
  • , Huda Akil
  • , Farooq Amin
  • , Ole A. Andreassen
  • , Adebayo Anjorin
  • , Richard Anney
  • , Verneri Anttila
  • , Dan E. Arking
  • , Philip Asherson
  • Maria H. Azevedo, Lena Backlund, Judith A. Badner, Anthony J. Bailey, Tobias Banaschewski, Jack D. Barchas, Michael R. Barnes, Thomas B. Barrett, Nicholas Bass, Agatino Battaglia, Michael Bauer, Mònica Bayés, Frank Bellivier, Sarah E. Bergen, Wade Berrettini, Catalina Betancur, Thomas Bettecken, Joseph Biederman, Elisabeth B. Binder, Donald W. Black, Douglas H.R. Blackwood, Cinnamon S. Bloss, Michael Boehnke, Dorret I. Boomsma, Gerome Breen, René Breuer, Richard Bruggeman, Paul Cormican, Nancy G. Buccola, Jan K. Buitelaar, William E. Bunney, Joseph D. Buxbaum, William F. Byerley, Enda M. Byrne, Sian Caesar, Wiepke Cahn, Rita M. Cantor, Miguel Casas, Aravinda Chakravarti, Kimberly Chambert, Khalid Choudhury, Sven Cichon, C. Robert Cloninger, David A. Collier, Edwin H. Cook, Hilary Coon, Bru Cormand, Aiden Corvin, William H. Coryell, David W. Craig, Ian W. Craig, Jennifer Crosbie, Michael L. Cuccaro, David Curtis, Darina Czamara, Susmita Datta, Geraldine Dawson, Richard Day, Eco J. De Geus, Franziska Degenhardt, Srdjan Djurovic, Gary J. Donohoe, Alysa E. Doyle, Jubao Duan, Frank Dudbridge, Eftichia Duketis, Richard P. Ebstein, Howard J. Edenberg, Josephine Elia, Sean Ennis, Bruno Etain, Ayman Fanous, Anne E. Farmer, I. Nicol Ferrier, Matthew Flickinger, Eric Fombonne, Tatiana Foroud, Josef Frank, Barbara Franke, Christine Fraser, Robert Freedman, Nelson B. Freimer, Christine M. Freitag, Marion Friedl, Louise Frisén, Louise Gallagher, Pablo V. Gejman, Lyudmila Georgieva, Elliot S. Gershon, Daniel H. Geschwind, Ina Giegling, Michael Gill, Scott D. Gordon, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Elaine K. Green, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Dorothy E. Grice, Magdalena Gross, Detelina Grozeva, Weihua Guan, Hugh Gurling, Lieuwe De Haan, Jonathan L. Haines, Hakon Hakonarson, Joachim Hallmayer, Steven P. Hamilton, Marian L. Hamshere, Thomas F. Hansen, Annette M. Hartmann, Martin Hautzinger, Andrew C. Heath, Anjali K. Henders, Stefan Herms, Ian B. Hickie, Maria Hipolito, Susanne Hoefels, Peter A. Holmans, Florian Holsboer, Witte J. Hoogendijk, Jouke Jan Hottenga, Christina M. Hultman, Vanessa Hus, Andrés Ingason, Marcus Ising, Stéphane Jamain, Edward G. Jones, Ian Jones, Lisa Jones, Jung Ying Tzeng, Anna K. Kähler, René S. Kahn, Radhika Kandaswamy, Matthew C. Keller, James L. Kennedy, Elaine Kenny, Lindsey Kent, Yunjung Kim, George K. Kirov, Sabine M. Klauck, Lambertus Klei, James A. Knowles, Martin A. Kohli, Daniel L. Koller, Bettina Konte, Ania Korszun, Lydia Krabbendam, Robert Krasucki, Jonna Kuntsi, Phoenix Kwan, Mikael Landén, Niklas Långström, Mark Lathrop, Jacob Lawrence, William B. Lawson, Marion Leboyer, David H. Ledbetter, Phil H. Lee, Todd Lencz, Klaus Peter Lesch, Douglas F. Levinson, Cathryn M. Lewis, Jun Li, Paul Lichtenstein, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Dan Yu Lin, Don H. Linszen, Chunyu Liu, Falk W. Lohoff, Sandra K. Loo, Catherine Lord, Jennifer K. Lowe, Susanne Lucae, Donald J. Macintyre, Pamela A.F. Madden, Elena Maestrini, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Pamela B. Mahon, Wolfgang Maier, Anil K. Malhotra, Shrikant M. Mane, Christa L. Martin, Nicholas G. Martin, Manuel Mattheisen, Keith Matthews, Morten Mattingsdal, Steven A. Mccarroll, Kevin A. Mcghee, James J. Mcgough, Patrick J. Mcgrath, Peter Mcguffin, Melvin G. Mcinnis, Andrew Mcintosh, Rebecca Mckinney, Alan W. Mclean, Francis J. Mcmahon, William M. Mcmahon, Andrew Mcquillin, Helena Medeiros, Sarah E. Medland, Sandra Meier, Ingrid Melle, Fan Meng, Jobst Meyer, Christel M. Middeldorp, Lefkos Middleton, Vihra Milanova, Ana Miranda, Anthony P. Monaco, Grant W. Montgomery, Jennifer L. Moran, Daniel Moreno-De-Luca, Gunnar Morken, Derek W. Morris, Eric M. Morrow, Valentina Moskvina, Pierandrea Muglia, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Walter J. Muir, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Michael Murtha, Richard M. Myers, Inez Myin-Germeys, Michael C. Neale, Stan F. Nelson, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Ivan Nikolov, Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Willem A. Nolen, Markus M. Nöthen, John I. Nurnberger, Evaristus A. Nwulia, Dale R. Nyholt, Colm O'dushlaine, Robert D. Oades, Ann Olincy, Guiomar Oliveira, Line Olsen, Roel A. Ophoff, Urban Osby, Michael J. Owen, Aarno Palotie, Jeremy R. Parr, Andrew D. Paterson, Carlos N. Pato, Michele T. Pato, Brenda W. Penninx, Michele L. Pergadia, Margaret A. Pericak-Vance, Benjamin S. Pickard, Jonathan Pimm, Joseph Piven, Danielle Posthuma, James B. Potash, Fritz Poustka, Peter Propping, Vinay Puri, Digby J. Quested, Emma M. Quinn, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Henrik B. Rasmussen, Soumya Raychaudhuri, Karola Rehnström, Andreas Reif, Marta Ribasés, John P. Rice, Marcella Rietschel, Kathryn Roeder, Herbert Roeyers, Lizzy Rossin, Aribert Rothenberger, Guy Rouleau, Douglas Ruderfer, Dan Rujescu, Alan R. Sanders, Stephan J. Sanders, Susan L. Santangelo, Joseph A. Sergeant, Russell Schachar, Martin Schalling, Alan F. Schatzberg, William A. Scheftner, Gerard D. Schellenberg, Stephen W. Scherer, Nicholas J. Schork, Thomas G. Schulze, Johannes Schumacher, Markus Schwarz, Edward Scolnick, Laura J. Scott, Jianxin Shi, Paul D. Shilling, Stanley I. Shyn, Jeremy M. Silverman, Susan L. Slager, Susan L. Smalley, Johannes H. Smit, Erin N. Smith, Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke, David St. Clair, Matthew State, Michael Steffens, Hans Christoph Steinhausen, John S. Strauss, Jana Strohmaier, T. Scott Stroup, James S. Sutcliffe, Peter Szatmari, Szabocls Szelinger, Srinivasa Thirumalai, Robert C. Thompson, Alexandre A. Todorov, Federica Tozzi, Jens Treutlein, Manfred Uhr, Edwin J.C.G. Van Den Oord, Gerard Van Grootheest, Jim Van Os, Astrid M. Vicente, Veronica J. Vieland, John B. Vincent, Peter M. Visscher, Christopher A. Walsh, Thomas H. Wassink, Stanley J. Watson, Myrna M. Weissman, Thomas Werge, Thomas F. Wienker, Ellen M. Wijsman, Gonneke Willemsen, Nigel Williams, A. Jeremy Willsey, Stephanie H. Witt, Wei Xu, Allan H. Young, Timothy W. Yu, Stanley Zammit, Peter P. Zandi, Peng Zhang, Frans G. Zitman, Sebastian Zöllner, Bernie Devlin, John R. Kelsoe, Pamela Sklar, Mark J. Daly, Michael C. O'donovan, Nicholas Craddock, Patrick F. Sullivan, Jordan W. Smoller, Kenneth S. Kendler, Naomi R. Wray*
*Corresponding author for this work
  • Queensland Brain Institute
  • University of Queensland
  • Massachusetts General Hospital
  • Broad Institute
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • SUNY Upstate Medical University
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
  • Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit
  • Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research
  • Cardiff University
  • MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics
  • Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria
  • Biosciences Research Division
  • Faculty of Land and Environment
  • University of Melbourne
  • University of California at San Francisco
  • HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology
  • Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)
  • University of Oslo
  • Department of Research
  • Diakonhjemmet Hospital
  • Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory
  • University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Emory University
  • NORMENT - K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research
  • Mental Health Sciences Unit
  • University College London
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Trinity College Dublin
  • Johns Hopkins University
  • King's College London
  • University of Coimbra
  • Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery
  • Karolinska Institutet
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • The University of Chicago
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • University of British Columbia
  • Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
  • Heidelberg University 
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Cornell University
  • GlaxoSmithKline
  • Portland VA Medical Center
  • IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris - Calambrone (Pisa)
  • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
  • Technische Universität Dresden
  • University of Barcelona
  • Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955
  • Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale
  • Université Paris Cité
  • Assistance Publique–Höpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)
  • Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
  • Fondation FondaMental
  • Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • CNRS
  • Sorbonne Université
  • Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
  • Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD
  • University of Iowa
  • Division of Psychiatry
  • University of Edinburgh
  • Scripps Research Translational Institute
  • Scripps Health
  • Department of Biostatistics
  • Center for Statistical Genetics
  • Department of Biological Psychology
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
  • Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam
  • National Institute of Heath Research (NIHR)
  • NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre
  • Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry
  • Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE)
  • University of Groningen
  • School of Nursing
  • Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
  • Cognition and Behaviour
  • Radboud University Nijmegen
  • University of California at Irvine
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • NCIRE (Northern California Institute of Q Research and Education)
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • University of Birmingham
  • University Medical Center Utrecht
  • Utrecht University
  • University of California at Los Angeles
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • University Hospital Vall d'Hebron
  • Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine
  • Autonomous University of Barcelona
  • Department of Genomics
  • University of Bonn
  • Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1)
  • Jülich Research Centre
  • Division of Medical Genetics
  • University of Basel
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Washington University St. Louis
  • University of Illinois at Chicago
  • University of Utah
  • Department of Genetics
  • Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)
  • Translational Genomics Research Institute
  • Neurosciences and Mental Health
  • University of Toronto
  • University of Miami
  • Queen Mary University of London
  • Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)
  • Genetics Institute
  • Autism Speaks Inc.
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Division of Neuroscience
  • University of Dundee
  • Vrije Universiteit (VU)
  • Department of Medical Genetics
  • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
  • NorthShore University HealthSystem
  • Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology
  • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
  • Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy
  • Goethe University Frankfurt
  • Psychology Department
  • National University of Singapore
  • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Indiana University Bloomington
  • Medical and Molecular Genetics
  • School of Medicine
  • University College Dublin
  • Université Paris-Est Créteil
  • AP-HP
  • Hôpital Henri Mondor
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Georgetown University
  • Virginia Commonwealth University
  • Newcastle University
  • Oregon Health and Science University
  • Institute for Development and Disability
  • University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
  • Neurogenetics Program
  • Center for Autism Research and Treatment
  • Queensland Institute of Medical Research
  • Department of Biomedical and Biological Sciences
  • University of Plymouth
  • University of California at San Diego
  • Division of Tics, OCD and Related Disorders
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Division of Biostatistics
  • University of Minnesota Twin Cities
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • University of Amsterdam
  • Center for Human Genetics Research
  • Vanderbilt University
  • Center for Applied Genomics
  • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • Department of Pediatrics
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Stanford University
  • Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit
  • Institute of Biological Psychiatry
  • University of Copenhagen
  • Lundbeck Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research
  • iPSYCH
  • Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology
  • University of Tübingen
  • Brain and Mind Research Institute
  • The University of Sydney
  • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
  • Howard University
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Erasmus University Rotterdam
  • Department of Psychology
  • University of California at Davis
  • Bioinformatics Research Center
  • North Carolina State University
  • Department of Psychology
  • University of Colorado Boulder
  • Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section
  • University of St Andrews
  • Division of Molecular Genome Analysis
  • German Cancer Research Center
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • University of Pittsburgh
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • University of Southern California
  • Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology
  • Maastricht University
  • Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology
  • University of Gothenburg
  • Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine
  • Geisinger Medical Center
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • The Zucker Hillside Hospital
  • Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience
  • Feinstein Institute of Medical Research
  • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science
  • Albert Einstein College of Medicine
  • Division of Molecular Psychiatry
  • University of Würzburg
  • Department of Psychiatry and Psychology
  • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
  • Columbia University
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Amsterdam University Medical Centers
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Center for Autism and the Developing Brain
  • Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
  • University of Bologna
  • Yale University
  • Department of Biomedicine
  • Aarhus University
  • Department of Genomic Mathematics
  • Sørlandet Hospital
  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Centre for Molecular Medicine
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics
  • Trier University
  • Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit
  • Imperial College London
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Medical University Sofia
  • Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology
  • University of Valencia
  • University of Oxford
  • Office of the President
  • Tufts University
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology
  • Department of Neuroscience
  • Brown University
  • Neurosciences Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery
  • Department of Human Genetics
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
  • University of Duisburg-Essen
  • Research and Clinical Training Department
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
  • Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology
  • Dalla Lana School of Public Health
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • VU University Medical Center
  • Department of Functional Genomics
  • Department of Clinical Genetics
  • Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Academic Department of Psychiatry
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Psychiatric Genetics Unit
  • Vall d'Hebron Research Institute
  • Division of Biostatistics
  • Department of Statistics
  • Carnegie Mellon University
  • Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology
  • Ghent University
  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • University of Göttingen
  • Department of Neurology and NeuroSurgery
  • McGill University
  • Program on Neurogenetics
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Maine Medical Center
  • Harvard University
  • Department of Clinical Neuropsychology
  • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
  • Rush Ambulatory Behavioral Health
  • Rush University Medical Center
  • Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
  • Scripps Research Institute
  • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
  • Psychiatric Center Nordbaden
  • Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
  • University of Washington
  • Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
  • Developmental Brain and Behaviour Laboratory
  • University of Southampton
  • University of Aberdeen
  • Research Department
  • Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM)
  • Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Aalborg University
  • Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology
  • Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • University of Zurich
  • Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Marlborough House Secure Unit
  • Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust
  • Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine
  • Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge
  • BioFIG-Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics
  • University of Lisbon
  • Instituto Gulbenkian de Medicina Molecular
  • Nationwide Children’s Hospital
  • Human Genetics Group
  • Boston Children's Hospital
  • Division of Genetics
  • Division of Immunology
  • Faculty of Health and Medical Science
  • Institute of Medical Biometry
  • Department of Medicine
  • Centre for Affective Disorders
  • Department of Mental Health
  • Department of Psychiatry
  • Leiden University
  • Department of Veterans Affairs
  • Department of Human and Molecular Genetics
  • Department of Psychiatry

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