FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: Perceptions and Experiences Through the Lens of Tourists, Residents, and Overseas Spectators

This study examines the intersection between sport mega-events and stakeholder theory by comparing how a host destination is perceived by local and international stakeholder groups. It focuses on the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022—the first edition held in the Middle East. Data were collected from residents, tourists, and overseas spectators during the event, yielding a total of 328 valid responses. The findings confirm that mega-events can strengthen national pride and boost tourism, though they do not necessarily improve a country's international image. Indeed, perceptions varied across stakeholder groups, with overseas spectators being more strongly influenced by media narratives. Attending sport mega-events in person helps different cultures dispel negative myths and stereotypes and may foster intentions to revisit the host destination. The article contributes to the literature by highlighting the complexity of mega-events and their challenges for academics, practitioners, and policymakers.