Empirical and Conceptual Conclusions on Japan’s Interdependence with the Middle East

Given the variations identified in Japan's relations with Middle Eastern countries and on related thematic issues revealed in this volume, it is argued that the characteristics identified provide a firm basis for the adoption of an original conceptualisation of 'multifaceted interdependence'. The way Japan’s bilateral relations towards the Middle East have been approached within this framework is proposed to principally rest on five distinct classifications, which reflect Japan’s Official Development Assistance implementation in the Middle East, energy and non-energy trades and foreign direct investments, diplomatic ties, and security cooperation. All were undertaken through multiple channels and layers of linkages, common interests in defense and regime security, cultural exchanges, in addition to overseas development assistance. Middle East-Japan multifaceted interdependence allows for a more in-depth understanding of the promotion of mutual interests and stability, and how they relate to Japan’s multilateral relations with Western countries through managing conflicting interests.