Electric Vehicles and Environmental Sustainability: Integrating Material, Energy, and Emission Flows in a System-Level LCA

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are reshaping the global transportation landscape due to their operational efficiency and lack of tailpipe emissions. However, to comprehensively evaluate the environmental implications, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework is indispensable, as it encompasses emissions and resource utilization across all phases, including raw material extraction, production, operational use, and end-of-life treatment. This study presents a comprehensive cradle-to-grave LCA of EVs, focusing on material flow, energy consumption, and emissions (including SO_x, NO_x, CO₂, and PM2.5). Using the Tata Nexon EV as a case model, the analysis incorporates real-world driving patterns, energy demand modeling, and end-of-life processes such as disassembly and battery recycling. The findings reveal the trade-offs between the high environmental burden of battery production and the long-term operational benefits, especially when powered by clean energy grids. This work also emphasizes the importance of sustainable disposal, recycling technologies, and energy infrastructure. The study offers critical insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders to optimize environmental benefits, enhance energy efficiency, and support the transition toward a sustainable mobility future.