Desalination by the forward osmosis: Advancement and challenges

Forward osmosis (FO) has become a promising membrane technology for desalination and water treatment due to its simplicity, low energy consumption, and low fouling tendency compared to pressure-driven membrane processes. Therefore, the advancement in FO process modelling was one of the main objectives of this paper. On the other hand, the membrane characteristics and draw solute type represent the main FO process factors determining its technical performance and economical perspectives. Thus, this review mainly highlights the commercially available FO membrane characteristics and the development of lab-scale fabricated membranes based on cellulose triacetate and thin-film nanocomposite membranes. These membranes were discussed by considering their fabrication and modification techniques. Additionally, the novelty of different draw agents and their effects on FO performance have been analyzed in this study. Moreover, the review touched upon different pilot-scale studies on the FO process. Finally, this paper has stated the overall FO process advances along with its drawbacks. This review is anticipated to benefit the research and desalination scientific community by having an overview of the major FO components that require additional attention and development.