Decision-Making Framework for Pedestrian Safety Optimisation in Bus Rapid Transit Systems

Urban bus rapid transit (BRT) systems often face significant pedestrian safety challenges due to high passenger volumes, frequent vehicle-pedestrian interactions and complex infrastructure layouts. This study develops an integrated decision-making framework that combines Spherical Fuzzy Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SF-SWARA) and Spherical Fuzzy Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (SF-EDAS) to optimise pedestrian safety strategies in BRT environments. Using Dar es Salaam's BRT corridor as a case study, the framework systematically captures uncertainties in expert judgements and the multi-dimensional nature of urban transport safety. Results reveal that insufficient safety measures for children and risks associated with centrally located BRT infrastructure are the most critical concerns. The optimal strategy involves targeted pedestrian-awareness campaigns, supported by financial penalties, to reduce violations. Sensitivity analyses confirm the robustness of the results. The proposed approach offers a replicable and computationally rigorous methodology for transport planners and policymakers seeking to enhance pedestrian safety in high-capacity public transport systems.