Catalysts and process conditions in DME production via CO₂ hydrogenation: A review

The reliance on fossil fuels for energy production poses significant environmental challenges, necessitating the need for sustainable energy alternatives. Dimethyl ether (DME), with its non-toxic and biodegradable properties, has emerged as a promising substitute to conventional fuels, offering advantages over both liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel fuel. This review highlights recent developments in DME synthesis pathways, focusing on direct and indirect CO₂ hydrogenation routes. Particular attention is given to innovative bifunctional catalyst developments that integrate methanol synthesis and dehydration capabilities in a single system. The study systematically evaluates catalyst design challenges, specifically addressing metal-acid functionality optimization and long-term stability considerations. Through detailed examination of operating parameters—temperature, pressure, and space velocity—we identify critical DME process intensification opportunities for researchers in the field for further development.