Aptamers in Theranostic Bionanomaterials

Theranostic nanomaterials hold the potential to revolutionize future disease management. Recent progress in nanomaterials technology and aptamer-base--targeting molecules have promoted efficient theranostics models. Aptamers are unique three-dimensional structures consisting of oligonucleotide (25-80 nt) polymers. They are comparable to monoclonal antibodies in their receptor-driven binding efficacy toward specific target receptors and binding ability to specific target molecules with high affinity and specificity. Aptamers have several other advantages, including prolonged shelf life, little or no variation from batch to batch, and ease of chemical modifications for enhanced stability and targeting capacity. Owing to the advantages mentioned above, aptamers are attracting great attention in diverse applications ranging from therapy, drug delivery, diagnosis, and functional genomics as well as biosensing. Herein, the aim is to give an overview of aptamers, highlight the opportunities of their application as means of effective therapeutic tools as well as functionalize them as potential diagnostic probes. Furthermore, the diverse modifications of aptamers for theranostic purposes, including therapeutic agents and targeted delivery nanomaterials, are comprehensively summarized.