Ammonia

In this contribution, a chemical substance named ammonia with a chemical formula (NH3) is comprehensively presented as a non-carbon fuel, refrigerant, and working fluid. Ammonia is a significant energy carrier and offers various advantages over other alternative fuels. The contribution explains the production, storage, and transportation processes of ammonia. Furthermore, the analyses for the utilization of ammonia in fuel cells are presented comprehensively. The utilization of ammonia in different types of transportation sectors (road vehicle and maritime applications) is presented from an environmental impact point of view to emphasize the importance of clean fuel switching options. Two case studies highlight the potential of ammonia as a clean fuel in these sectors.