A Comprehensive Analytical Approach to Introspect Efficient Miniaturized Circuit-Level Designs for Biomedical Signal Acquisition: A Tutorial Brief

Health care technology is advancing rapidly, transforming diagnostics through compact, noninvasive, and user-friendly biomedical devices. For instance, a diabetes diagnosis that once required significant blood volume can now be achieved in seconds using a nano-pinch sample. Recent developments in portable and wearable systems have minimized the need for invasive procedures, enabling continuous, real-time monitoring, especially among aging populations. This growing demand underscores the need for compact, energy-efficient, and affordable biomedical systems seamlessly integrated into daily life. This tutorial brief provides an in-depth analytical perspective on low-noise, low-cost, and low-power circuit-level design strategies for next-generation biomedical devices. Challenges and escape-out methods for low-noise design implementations are broadly discussed in this work. The study consolidates noise-reduction techniques, such as correlated double sampling and multistage amplifier configurations, and highlights their impact on signal integrity, power efficiency, and scalability. It also addresses design trade-offs and cost considerations, offering a practical framework for researchers developing efficient analog front-end (AFE) architectures for wearable and implantable biomedical applications. Finally, the results presented in this work were carried out in Cadence Virtuoso using 65-nm CMOS TSMC technology node.